The Kepler 138 C and D are found to be so called water worlds with a small solid nucleus inside.

.Supernovas are supposed to produce gas, ice and rocks combined with starspot based comet micro black holes.and nuclear macro black holes. often leaving as singular Tadpoles forming dual Herbig Haro new star forming systems. ( Q-FFF Theory)

According to Q-FFF Theory, hot waterplanets seem ro be formed by multiple Comet alike micro black holes suggested to be former starspots, expelled by Nova explosions.
In Q-FFF Theory, each black hole will produce and expel water and gas around the Light horizon, by the Penrose so called trapped space horizon.
Astronomers find that two exoplanets may be mostly water around a small red star.
A team led by UdeM astronomers has found evidence that two exoplanets orbiting a red dwarf star are "water worlds,"
see:  https://phys.org/news/2022-12-montreal-astronomers-exoplanets.html
We might start finding a lot more water worlds like Kepler-138 c and d," Benneke concluded.

The geometry of black holes with dual charged globular layers: positive inside and negative outside.

see also: Penrose Trapped spacetime horizon with dual charged layers in the new black hole geometry (Q-FFF Theory)
Secondly the Fermion repulsion horizon or repulsion zone, produced pairs of leptons and charged plasma layers, due to the mass differences between positive charged  leptons and electrons.
and:: New Black Hole Physics, by Fermion String Repelling Black Holes. the Origin of Quick Star/Galaxy Formation.

https://vixra.org/pdf/2007.0044v1.pdf

Vacuum Butterfly Vector polarization.

The Theory of Everything is Near by 6x New Ideas combined (Q-FFF Theory)

S. Hawking, (Micro Black Holes). R. Penrose, (Trapped spacetime around BHs)
G.L. Le Sage, (Dual Pressure Gravity), B. Libet, (Free Will -Free Won't),
J Cramer, (TI Transactional Information), L. Vuyk, (12x Raspberry TI Conscious String nucleus Dark Matter Black Hole Multiverse).
see: What is wrong with current Physics

https://bigbang-entanglement.blogspot.com/2022/12/what-is-wrong-with-physics.html

Why are the sunspots colder than the solar surface?

Because Sunspots are micro black holes.!! former crashed Comets ...just like volcano heat on planets.

The geometry of black holes with dual charged globular layers: positive inside and negative outside.

Crab Nebula: Dense Molecular Herbig Haro Clouds and Filamentary Structures (Dark Matter Tadpoles )

 According to Q-FFF Theory, the Crab Nebula seems to be a good example of the postulated Dual micro Dark Matter Black Hole Herbig Haro systems including the new Penrose -Q-FFF Black hole design.

Below: Dense Molecular Clouds in the Crab Supernova Remnant.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358114636_Dense_Molecular_Clouds_in_the_Crab_Supernova_Remnant
January 2022The Astrophysical Journal 925(1):59
Alwyn WoottenAlwyn WoottenRory O. BentleyJ. BaldwinShow all 10 authorsA. Castro-Carrizo

Below: The Penrose Q-FFF Dark Matter Black Hole ( Fermion repelling and attracting Tadpoles forming dual Herbig Haro BH systems for star formation in between)

Filamentary structures created by (micro) black hole based tadpoles forming dual Herbig Haro systems for star formation. (Q_FFF Theory)

Not Fusion Energy as future energy source, but Artificial Ball Lightning Energy will do it.

.Not Fusion Energy form ITER or NIF is able to fulfill our future Energy need. 

The NIF at Livermore recently measured extra energy from the laser experiment.

However, The lasers produced besides heat also Dark Matter Ball Lightning String Nuclei, ( according to Q-FFF Theory) coming from the observed in the NIF, so called TWEAKED XRAY HOTSPOTS which seems the same as the Japan tailed Ball Lightning or the so called tailed Tadpoles around nebula in space.

The so called  Birkeland Currents around stars  seem to be the origin of the extra energy.in the middle between two Artificial Ball Lightnings.

see: Practical containment, development and exploitation of energy contained in ball lightning discharges or micro black holes   https://nl.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=NL&NR=1002570C1&KC=C1&FT=D&ND=3&date=19970912&DB=EPODOC&locale=nl_NL

Abstract
A reactor chamber containing and exploiting two negative charged ball lightnings creating Birkeland current circuits and charge differences for current production..

The apparatus consists of a vessel with a symmetrical axis and a perpendicular symmetry surface to the middle axis. Also claimed is a method for containing, developing and exploiting two black holes or ball lightning discharges using the chamber described above. The two artificial ball lightnings are placed in one symmetrical part of the vessel, with at least two electrical anode/ cathode for current harvesting.

Below some examples of dual or single- and Natural Ball Lightnings forming Herbig Haro systems.

Small Herbig Haro systems seem to make dark stars or Dust Globules in nebula. Also Micro Black Holes seem to make Herbig Haro systems on Earth as dual self propelled Tadpoles in air observed from passenger planes. (below)

see: 

Bibliografische gegevens: NL1002570 (C1) ― 1997-09-12

https://nl.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=NL&NR=1002570C1&KC=C1&FT=D&ND=3&date=19970912&DB=EPODOC&locale=nl_NL

Not Fusion Energy as future Energy source,  but Artificial Ball Lightning Energy will do it.

https://bigbang-entanglement.blogspot.com/2022/12/not-fusion-energy-as-future-energy.html

The origin of Negative charged Ball Lightning:  The Penrose Trapped Space Black hole/Ball Lightning Horizon.

Below: The extra energy which is measured by the NIF in Livermore lab., seems to be energized by the "TWEAKING HOTSPOTS" or artificial ball lightnings with tweaking plasma tails. just like tadpoles (micro black holes with plasma tails) do pushed by plasma tails..

 ( also: micro black hole ball lightnings : Q-FFF model) .

Dark Matter Big Bang Suggestion for the solution of the Hubble tension and a 12x raspberry multiverse.

see  also: Ultra Distant Early Galaxies

https://bigbang-entanglement.blogspot.com/2022/12/ultra-distant-early-galaxiesare-present.html?fbclid=IwAR2uJF_LlMcj-9_Mi8NqFRdOrXJfC8Wdt0zhpElshzG0pMZW-VdHsxUs0rM

Suggestion for the solution of the Hubble tension.  (67.4 or 73,5 km/s expansion)
The vacuum resistance for light and the Dark Matter Black Hole Big Bang.

The Planck Length direct after the Big Bang was supposed to be shorter ( Q-FFF model) than now and much longer than around multiple black holes along the route to our eyes.
1: The Hubble Tension and Early Dark Energy.
see: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.04492.pdf
2: ( Q-FFF Theory) The Electric Universe by Electric Dark Matter Big Bang Black Holes of Quantum FFF Theory.
https://vixra.org/pdf/1902.0349v1.pdf

and: 

https://windowsforum.com/threads/james-webb-just-detected-a-huge-structure-older-than-the-universe.263332/

and: https://www.astroblogs.nl/2022/12/11/vroege-donkere-energie-zou-de-hubble-spanning-op-kunnen-lossen/

Below:  do we see here the first explosion of the central Big Bang Black Hole into 12 smaller ones: the start of the 12x mirror symmetric Raspberry Multiverse?

The first image of JWST calibration was a star ( HD 84406) with two SABHs ( Stellar Anchor Black Holes) as the first  support for the Q-FFF Theory about star formation between two Herbig Haro Black Holes .

Evidence for a dual Herbig Haro system around the young star.

Ultra-distant, early galaxies.are present due to the String Black Hole Big Bang and Herbig Haro formations.( Q-FFF Theory)

JWST Evidence for many ultra distant early galaxies.

Corey S. Powell
@coreyspowell
Images from the Webb telescope appear to be packed with ultra-distant, early galaxies. Now we have confirmation! Some of these galaxies date to 400 million years after the Big Bang -- more than 97% the way back to the beginning of time. https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/12/09/nasas-webb-reaches-new-milestone-in-quest-for-distant-galaxies/… #JWST #astronomy

Below: The Star/ Galaxy Formation out of dual Big Bang (Q-FFF Model) Black Holes.

see: The Electric Universe by Electric Dark Matter Big Bang Black Holes of Quantum FFF Theory. 

https://vixra.org/pdf/1902.0349v1.pdf